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Texts

Garde, Paul. Vie et Mort de la Yougoslavie. [Paris: Fayard, 1992, 1994].

Garde, born 1926, is a retired professor of Slavic linguistics at the University of Provence. He first visited Yugoslavia in 1951 as a university student with a backpack and returned many times thereafter. His account is revelatory in the breadth of social and cultural circumstances aptly cited.

Denitch, Bogdan. Ethnic Nationalism: The Tragic Death of Yugoslavia. [Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994].

Denitch is Professor of Sociology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

Glenny, Misha. The Fall of Yugoslavia: The Third Balkan War. [London: Penguin, 1992].

Glenny is Central European correspondent of the BBC World Service.

Singleton, Fred. A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985].

Singleton, now deceased, was chairman of the Postgraduate School of Yugoslav Studies at Bradford University from its founding in 1971 until his retirement in 1981.

Hérodote. Revue de géographie et de géopolitique. N° 67. 4º trimestre 1992. La Question Serbe.

A dozen articles, listed below, including a sixty-page discussion of population distribution by ethnicity and social characteristics, with many maps, by Xavier Bougarel.

Tomasevich, Jozo. The Chetniks. [Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1975].

A detailed account of organized Serb nationalism in the ongoing partisan war of Yugoslavia in World War II. This work reports June and December 1941 documents that set out the scheme for Greater Serbia, documents which read like a roadmap for Serb violence and 'ethnic cleansing' in 1991-95.

A Major New Book

Woodward, Susan. Balkan tragedy : chaos and dissolution after the Cold War. [Washington: Brookings, 1995].

I heard Susan Woodward discuss the ongoing Yugoslav impasse in July 1994. She had traveled from Zagreb to Italy in order to talk to us. In Zagreb she was serving as the head of a ten-member group of specialist advisors to Akashi Yasushi, the UN's chief in former Yugoslavia, which she had recruited at his request. Now a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution, Susan Woodward melds sophisticated political analysis to an unmatched familiarity with the politics of former Yugoslavia and the resultant wars. Some biographic data and a list of her recent publications is available on the Brookings web site.

. . . And a Sample of Her Judgment

Woodward, Susan. "Yugoslavia: divide and fail," in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, v 49 n 9, November 1993, p. 24ff.

On This Topic

The Paul Garde book remains readily available in Paris bookstores. For a source in the United States, see the Vendor section below.

Related Topics

• LearnWorld Topic: War Theory.

  Larkin's topic on War Theory is centered on inter-state wars . . . though he believes that persuasive 'theoretical' insights into wars' onset should clarify both inter-state wars and wars which are 'internal' or 'ethnic' or 'civil.'

  If the link above doesn't work, try reaching War Theory via the original site.
  

Reference Works, Graphics, & Links

• In 1992 it was reported that a remarkable atlas of former Yugoslavia had appeared in Belgrade, displaying 'ethnic' or communal distributions. It could not be purchased outside Serbia, however, because of the economic embargo. If you have information on this atlas please tell me.

• Some public-domain maps of former Yugoslavia, useful though not rich in detail, are maintained on-line by the University of Texas.

• Fayard has published a volume of documents on the origins of the Yugoslav wars:
  1. Grmek, Mirko, Marc Gjidara and Neven Simac [editors]. Le nettoyage ethnique. Documents historiques sur une idéologie serbe. [Paris: Fayard, 1993].

Other Related Works, Graphics, & Links

Moljevic, Stevan. "Homogeneous Serbia." June 1941.

Mihailovic, Dragoljub-Draza. [Order to commanders]. 20 December 1941.

Dr. Stevan Moljevic, who was to join the Chetnik National Committee's Executive Council in two months' time, wrote a memorandum in June 1941 titled "Homogeneous Serbia." Moljevic sets out what could as well have been the Serbian program of 1990-92: a "homogeneous Serbia which has to include the entire ethnic area populated by Serbs," "transfers and exchanges of populations, especially of Croats from the Serbian and of Serbs from the Croatian areas," all of this to make impossible

"a repetition of the terrible crimes . . . especially during this war, in the entire area in which the Serbs and Croats live intermixed, and where the Croats and Moslems have undertaken in a calculated way the extermination of the Serbs." [Note 1]

. . . (2) the creation of a Great Yugoslavia and within it a Great Serbia which is to be ethnically pure and is to include Serbia [meaning also Macedonia], Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Srijem, the Banat, and Backa; . . . (4) the cleansing of the state territory of all national minorities and a-national elements, (5) the creation of contiguous frontiers between Serbia and Montenegro, as well as between Serbia and Slovenia by cleansing [removing?] the moslem population from Sandjak and the Moslem and Croat populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina. [Note 2]

NOTES:

[Note 1]: Tomasevich, p. 167, quoting Moljevic.
[Note 2]: Tomasevich, p. 170, citing Dokumenti o izdajstvu Draze Mihailovica, I, 12. The notation "cleansing [removing?]" and the bracketed reference to Macedonia are Tomasevich's.

Articles in Hérodote No. 67

Lacoste, Yves. "Éditorial: la question serbe et la question allemande." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, 3-48.

Roux, Michel. "A propos de la «purification ethnique» en Bosnie-Herzégovine." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 49-60.

Yerasimos, Stèphane. "Quelle politique pour les Balkans?" Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 61-63.

Balkan Research Center. "Note aux parlementaires britanniques sur la Bosnie-Herzégovne." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 64-69.

Batakovic, Dusan T. "Le génocide dans l'État indépendant croate (1941-1945)." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 77-80.

Bojovic, Bosko I. "Deux représentations géopolitiques." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 81-83.

Bougarel, Xavier. "Anatomie d'une poudrière." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 84-147.

Bojovic, Bosko I. "Bosnie-Herzégovine: pour une solution équitable, pour un arrêt des hostilités." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 148-150.

Copeaux, Étienne and Stéphane Yerasimos. La Bosnie vue de Bosphore." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 151-159.

Deslondes, Olivier. "La question de Macédoine." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 160-166.

Lory, Bernard [interview]. "La Macédoine en quête de reconnaissance." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 166-170.

Roux, Michel. "Albanie, septembre 1992. Impressions de voyage et interrogations." Hérodote, N° 657, octobre-décembre 1992, pp. 171-178.

Drafter's Notes

• The press of Serbian attacks on the 'safe havens' of Srbenica and Zepa in July 1995 have prompted eloquent calls for action. Two of these are reprinted in the 18 July 1995 issue of the International Herald Tribune.

  George Soros, the international financier, has contributed $50,000,000 of his own funds to Sarejevo since 1992. Soros argues that failure to act today gravely imperils society and democracy in the future. He concludes that

  What is at stake now is not just Bosnia but the future of the Western alliance. President Chirac is right in drawing a parallel with th appeasement of Hitler in the 1930s. Failure in Bosnia wouild encourage aggressors just as the failure of the League of Nations in Abyssinia did in the run-up to the Second World War. [Note 1]

  William Pfaff puts the question how Washington should act. The Clinton Administration promised 25,000 troops to help cover an UNPROFOR withdrawal, if it came to that. And France is asking that the United States contribute transport to reinforce troops in Gorazde and Sarajevo. "Should it do so?" Pfaff asks. And he responds:

  Of course it should; the former is a commitment of national honor, the latter a final chance to influence not this crisis so much as the next one. [Note 2]

NOTES:

[Note 1]: George Soros, "Firm Action Could Still Reverse the Bosnia Outcome," International Herald Tribune, 17 July 1995, reprinted from the Washington Post.
[Note 2]: William Pfaff, "As of Now, Serbia Wins, Europe Loses and the Future is Dark," International Herald Tribune, 17 July 1995, © Los Angeles Times Syndicate.

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